Python ValueError: Too Many Values To Unpack. Let’s Fix It!

The error “too many values to unpack” is common in Python, you might have seen it while creating your programs.

The Python error “too many values to unpack” occurs when you try to extract a number of values from a data structure into variables that don’t match the number of values. For example, if you try to unpack the elements of a list into a number of variables that doesn’t match the number of elements in the list.

We will look together at some scenarios in which this error occurs, for example when unpacking lists, dictionaries, or when calling Python functions.

By the end of this tutorial, you will know how to fix this error if you happen to see it.

Let’s get started!

How Do You Fix the Too Many Values to Unpack Error in Python

What causes the error “too many values to unpack”?

This happens, for example, when you try to unpack values from a Python list.

Let’s see a simple example:

>>> week_days = ['Monday', 'Tuesday', 'Wednesday', 'Thursday', 'Friday']
>>> day1, day2, day3 = week_days

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)

The error complains about the fact that the values on the right side of the expression are too many to be assigned to the three variables day1, day2, and day3.

As you can see from the traceback this is an error of type ValueError.

So, what can we do?

One option could be to use a number of variables on the left that matches the number of values to unpack, in this case, five:

>>> day1, day2, day3, day4, day5 = week_days
>>> day1
'Monday'
>>> day5
'Friday'

This time there’s no error and each variable has one of the values inside the week_days array.

In this example, the error was raised because we had too many values to assign to the variables in our expression.

Let’s see what happens if we don’t have enough values to assign to variables:

>>> weekend_days = ['Saturday' , 'Sunday']
>>> day1, day2, day3 = weekend_days

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)

In this example, we are trying to assign two values to the three variables day1, day2, and day3.

That’s why the error says “not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)”. In other words, Python is expecting 3 values to assign to the variables on the left but it only got 2.

In this case, the correct expression would be:

>>> day1, day2 = weekend_days

Makes sense?

ValueError When Calling a Python Function

The same error can occur when you call a Python function incorrectly.

I will define a simple function that takes a number as input, x, and returns as output two numbers, the square and the cube of x.

>>> def getSquareAndCube(x):
        return x**2, x**3 
>>> square, cube = getSquareAndCube(2)
>>> square
4
>>> cube
8

What happens if, by mistake, we assign the values returned by the function to three variables instead of two?

>>> square, cube, other = getSquareAndCube(2)

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)

We see the error “not enough values to unpack” because the values to unpack are two but the variables on the left side of the expression are three.

And what if I assign the output of the function to a single variable?

>>> output = getSquareAndCube(2)
>>> output
(4, 8)

Everything works well and Python makes the output variable a tuple that contains both values returned by the getSquareAndCube function.

Too Many Values to Unpack With the Input Function

Another common scenario where this error can occur is when you use the Python input() function to ask users to provide inputs.

The Python input() function reads the input from the user and converts it into a string before returning it.

Here’s a simple example:

>>> name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ")
Enter your name and surname: John Smith

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#4>", line 1, in <module>
    name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ")
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

Wait a minute, what’s happening here?

Why Python is complaining about too many values to unpack?

That’s because the input() function converts the input into a string, in this case, “John Smith”, and then it tries to assign each character of the string to the variables on the left.

So we have multiple characters on the right part of the expression being assigned to two variables, that’s why Python is saying that it expects two values.

What can we do about it?

We can apply the string method split() to the output of the input function:

>>> name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ").split()
Enter your name and surname: John Smith
>>> name
'John'
>>> surname
'Smith'

The split method converts the string returned by the input function into a list of strings and the two elements of the list get assigned to the variables name and surname.

By default, the split method uses the space as a separator. If you want to use a different separator you can pass it as the first parameter to the split method.

Using Maxsplit to Solve The Python Error “too many values to unpack”

There is also another way to solve the problem we have observed while unpacking a list.

Let’s start again with the following code:

>>> name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ").split()

This time we will provide a different string to the input function:

Enter your name and surname: Mr John Smith

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<pyshell#29>", line 1, in <module>
    name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ").split()
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

In a similar way, as we have seen before, this error occurs because split() converts the input string into a list of three elements. And three elements cannot be assigned to two variables.

There’s a way to tell Python to split the string returned by the input function into a number of values that matches the number of variables, in this case, two.

Here is the generic syntax for the split() method that allows to do that:

<string>.split(separator, maxsplit)

The maxsplit parameter defines the maximum number of splits to be used by the Python split method when converting a string into a list. Maxsplit is an optional parameter.

So, in our case, let’s see what happens if we set maxsplit to 1.

>>> name, surname = input("Enter your name and surname: ").split(' ', 1)

Enter your name and surname: Mr John Smith
>>> name
'Mr'
>>> surname
'John Smith'

The error is gone, the logic of this line is not perfect considering that surname is ‘John Smith’. But this is just an example to show how maxsplit works.

So, why are we setting maxsplit to 1?

Because in this way the string returned by the input function is only split once when being converted into a list, this means the result is a list with two elements (matching the two variables on the left of our expression).

Too Many Values to Unpack when You Iterate Over a Dictionary

In the last example, we will use a Python dictionary to explain another common error that shows up while developing.

I have created a simple program to print every key and value in the users dictionary:

users = {
    'username' : 'jsmith',
    'name' : 'John',
}

for key, value in users:
    print(key, value)

When I run it I see the following error:

$ python dict_example.py

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "dict_example.py", line 6, in <module>
    for key, value in users:
ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 2)

Where is the problem?

Let’s try to execute a for loop using just one variable:

for key in users:
    print(key)

The output is:

$ python dict_example.py
username
name

So…

When we loop through a dictionary using its name we get back just the keys.

That’s why we were seeing an error before, we were trying to unpack each key into two variables: key and value.

To retrieve each key and value from a dictionary we need to use the dictionary items() method.

Let’s run the following:

for user in users.items():
    print(user)

This time the output is:

('username', 'jsmith')
('name', 'John')

At every iteration of the for loop we get back a tuple that contains a key and its value. This is definitely something we can assign to the two variables we were using before.

So, our program becomes:

users = {
    'username' : 'jsmith',
    'name' : 'John',
}

for key, value in users.items():
    print(key, value)

The program prints the following output:

$ python dict_example.py
username jsmith
name John

All good, the error is fixed!

Conclusion

We have seen a few examples that show when the error “too many values to unpack” occurs and how to fix this Python error.

In one of the examples we have also seen the error “not enough values to unpack”.

Both errors are caused by the fact that we are trying to assign a number of values that don’t match the number of variables we assign them to.

And you? Where are you seeing this error?

Let me know in the comments below 🙂

I have also created a Python program that will help you go through the steps in this tutorial. You can download the source code here.